2007-12-22

超級電腦提供通古斯災難的新解釋

Supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster
http://www.physorg.com/news117204371.html

December 18, 2007

Sandia 超級電腦的模擬建議,一世紀之前在西伯利亞的通古斯(Tunguska),有一大片森林慘遭蹂躪,很可能僅起因於小行星的一小部份「碎片」,其大小如同先前所發表的推估一樣大。

"導致此大規模損害的小行星比我們所想像的要來得小," 這起發生在 1908 7/30 的衝擊的 Sandia 主要研究者 Mark Boslough 表示。 "像這麼小的天體就能造成像這樣的破壞,這暗示那些較小小行星有某些事需要考慮。它們較小的尺寸指出,這樣的碰撞可能跟我們所料想的有所不同。

因為接近地球的較小小行星就統計上來說,會比較大的更加頻繁,他說,我們應該放更多心力在偵測更小的上面,而非像現在這樣。

這個新模擬 -- 比起早先的模型要更與眾所皆知的毀滅事實相符 -- 證實在地面上方爆炸的小行星中央團塊是以超越音速的速度向下接近。它採取一種擴展中氣體的高溫噴射形態,稱為火球。

這比先前所預測的,來自於高空一個點來源的爆炸,會導致更強烈的衝擊波與熱輻射脈衝出現在地表上。

"我們的了解太過度簡化," Boslough 說,"我們無須再進行相對原始的假設,因為更現代的超級電腦讓我們能以高解度 3D 圖形辦到這件事。當你用更加精練過的工具觀察時,每件事會變得更清楚。"

這個新解釋也說明了這個事實:風在稜線上方被擴大,在此樹木有被吹倒的傾向,而且森林也在此時爆炸,這是取決於林中居住者並不是如此健全。因此先前的科學估計說這次蹂躪是起因於小行星,說得有點誇張,因為地形與生態因素對於結果的貢獻,並沒有被納入考量。

"那裡實際上所慘遭的蹂躪並沒有如先前所想的那樣多," Boslough 說,"但它的確是由一塊很小的小行星所引起。遺憾的是,就潛在危害而論,它並沒有完全站得住腳,因為較小小行星比較大的要來得多。"

Boslough 等人所完成的比十年前要來得多,那時他們精確預測彗星 Shoemaker-Levy 9 (舒梅克-李維九號)與木星相撞所產生的火球能夠從地球上觀測到。

模擬證實進入地球的小行星物質會逐漸受到地球大氣層的抵抗而壓縮。當它穿透愈深,大氣 層愈來愈多的抵抗將導致它在空中爆炸,那會導致向下流動的熱氣加速。

因為額外的能量藉由火球朝著地表傳送,因此科學家所認為的 10-20 百萬噸的爆炸,事實上很可能只有 3-5 百萬噸。這個小行星的物理尺寸,Boslough 說,端賴其速度,以及它是否為多孔、非多孔、冰或無水以及其他材料特性而定。

"任何防禦或偏離策略都應當考慮到這個經過修正過的、爆炸機制的理解," Boslough 說。

在估計衝擊頻率上最突出的報告之一,在五年前由 Sandia 研究者 Dick Spalding 等人發表在 Nature 上。"他們能透過或然性的參數(arguments),來計算這些事件並估計其發生頻率," Boslough 說。

這項研究於 12/11 在舊金山的 American Geophysical Union 會議上發表。一篇就此現象所撰寫的論文,標題為「Low–altitude airbursts and the impact threat」,由共同作者,Sandia 的研究者 Dave Crawford 所撰寫,已獲准發表在 International Journal of Impact Engineering 上。

※ 相關報導:

* Sandia National Laboratories: Low-Altitude Airbursts and the Impact Threat
http://www.sandia.gov/LDRD/2007/projects/118452.html
http://www.sandia.gov/LDRD/images/Posters/Boslough_Poster.pdf

通古斯爆炸在西伯利亞留下一個坑?
重力拖走小行星 地球免被K
從行星形成的最早階段到地球月亮的誕生年代
1/75機率 1月底小行星撞火星
美科學家對『地球研究』的縮減提出警告
天文學家發現縮小版的木星與土星
一窺恆星「牧夫座τ」的磁性翻轉
大型雙筒望遠鏡首次實現雙眼目光
哈伯在外太陽系行星發現首個有機分子
卡西尼太空船發現土衛六外殼下可能有海洋
科學家開始搜索「嗜極生物」
哈佛發現常見水生動物能抗輻射

天文學家進行迄今最複雜的宇宙模擬
超級電腦排名 台灣首度登上前35強
以 8 台 PlayStation 3 組成超級電腦
在電腦內預測蛋白質結構的新方法
佛州大解開 ADP 70 年之謎
蜜蜂的策略能幫助 server 跑的更愉快
「聲子電腦」可利用「熱」來處理資訊
超級電腦的「光速」通訊
奈米光子交換裝置:在晶片上路由光線

Antikythera 之謎終於解開了

2 則留言:

fsj 提到...

五千年前行星撞地球 亞述黏土全都錄

自由時報 2008-04-01

〔編譯鄭寺音/綜合報導〕一塊困擾科學家一百五十年的黏土,三十一日經英國地質學家解讀成功,他們認為,這塊古黏土(見圖,取自英國每日電訊報)記載著數千年前一顆小行星撞擊地球的歷史,或許也能解釋聖經記載的罪惡之城索多瑪與蛾摩拉毀滅之謎。

英學者破解亞述黏土之謎

長期以來,地質學家一直對奧地利阿爾卑斯山區小鎮科佛爾附近的地形感到不解,但無法證明這是因為小行星撞擊造成。

研究人員說,這塊十九世紀中發現於亞述帝國尼尼微城遺跡(位於伊拉克境內)、現收藏於大英博物館的黏土上,繪有星系圖與創造世界上最早文明的蘇美人使用的楔形文字。科學家認為,西元前七百年時,亞述帝國的抄寫員,將蘇美天文學家於西元前三千一百二十三年的觀星筆記,謄寫在這塊黏土上,圖像記載著這名蘇美天文學家觀測到一顆約一點六公里寬的小行星撞擊地球。

他指出,這塊小行星如同「白色石碗接近」,且「強有力地掃過天際」。

記載蘇美人目睹的災難

科學家使用電腦重建數千年前的夜空後指出,這名蘇美天文學家看到的是西元前三千一百二十三年六月二十九日破曉前不久的天空。

石塊上的圖案有一半留存,留下來的圖像中又有一半形容這顆小行星,其他的圖案記載雲與星系的位置,過去一百五十年來,科學家五次嘗試解讀都未能成功。

成功解讀石塊文字的英國布利斯托大學團隊成員翰普塞爾博士說,這顆小行星的大小與路徑,意味著它可能在科佛爾鎮附近墜入奧地利的阿爾卑斯山區,接近地面時,可能因為超音速震波沿線破壞,接著再重擊地球,其三分之二的碎片接著再延原路捲回天際,出現一道溫度高達攝氏四百度的閃光,沿路生物無一倖免,摧毀面積約一百萬平方公里,相當於一千公噸黃色炸藥的爆炸威力。

舊約故事索多瑪蛾摩拉毀滅 有根據?

翰普塞爾博士說,至少有二十個有關毀滅的古代神話,與這顆小行星的種類及規模相符,包括舊約故事中索多瑪與蛾摩拉的毀滅,以及希臘神話裡日神赫利歐斯之子費頓,因為無法控制老爸的太陽車,墜入伊里達奈斯河的故事,都有可能是因這顆小行星而起。

fsj 提到...

Cuneiform clay tablet translated for the first time
http://www.physorg.com/news126183668.html

March 31, 2008

A cuneiform clay tablet that has puzzled scholars for over 150 years has been translated for the first time. The tablet is now known to be a contemporary Sumerian observation of an asteroid impact at Kofels, Austria and is published in a new book, 'A Sumerian Observation of the Kofels' Impact Event.'

The giant landslide centred at Kofels in Austria is 500m thick and five kilometres in diameter and has long been a mystery since geologists first looked at it in the 19th century. The conclusion drawn by research in the middle 20th century was that it must be due to a very large meteor impact because of the evidence of crushing pressures and explosions. But this view lost favour as a much better understanding of impact sites developed in the late 20th century.

In the case of Kofels there is no crater, so to modern eyes it does not look as an impact site should look. However, the evidence that puzzled the earlier researchers remains unexplained by the view that it is just another landslide.

This new research by Alan Bond, Managing Director of Reaction Engines Ltd and Mark Hempsell, Senior Lecturer in Astronautics at Bristol University, brings the impact theory back into play. It centres on another 19th century mystery, a Cuneiform tablet in the British Museum collection No K8538 (known as "the Planisphere").

It was found by Henry Layard in the remains of the library in the Royal Place at Nineveh, and was made by an Assyrian scribe around 700 BC. It is an astronomical work as it has drawings of constellations on it and the text has known constellation names. It has attracted a lot of attention but in over a hundred years nobody has come up with a convincing explanation as to what it is.

With modern computer programmes that can simulate trajectories and reconstruct the night sky thousands of years ago the researchers have established what the Planisphere tablet refers to. It is a copy of the night notebook of a Sumerian astronomer as he records the events in the sky before dawn on the 29 June 3123 BC (Julian calendar). Half the tablet records planet positions and cloud cover, the same as any other night, but the other half of the tablet records an object large enough for its shape to be noted even though it is still in space. The astronomers made an accurate note of its trajectory relative to the stars, which to an error better than one degree is consistent with an impact at Kofels.

The observation suggests the asteroid is over a kilometre in diameter and the original orbit about the Sun was an Aten type, a class of asteroid that orbit close to the earth, that is resonant with the Earth's orbit. This trajectory explains why there is no crater at Kofels. The in coming angle was very low (six degrees) and means the asteroid clipped a mountain called Gamskogel above the town of Längenfeld, 11 kilometres from Kofels, and this caused the asteroid to explode before it reached its final impact point. As it travelled down the valley it became a fireball, around five kilometres in diameter (the size of the landslide). When it hit Kofels it created enormous pressures that pulverised the rock and caused the landslide but because it was no longer a solid object it did not create a classic impact crater.

Mark Hempsell, discussing the Kofels event, said: "Another conclusion can be made from the trajectory. The back plume from the explosion (the mushroom cloud) would be bent over the Mediterranean Sea re-entering the atmosphere over the Levant, Sinai, and Northern Egypt.

"The ground heating though very short would be enough to ignite any flammable material - including human hair and clothes. It is probable more people died under the plume than in the Alps due to the impact blast."